Subqueries

Normally you SELECT values from database tables. However, you can also SELECT values from another query. These other queries are called subqueries. The subquery can be a stand-alone SQL statement. Or it can reference the outer query, making it a correlated subquery.
EXISTS is a procedure is found in the WHERE clause of a query. EXISTS takes a parameter that is a subquery. EXISTS will returns a value of TRUE if the subquery has at least one row in its results.
A Table Expression is a named query. Every column in it must have a name. There is normally no ORDER BY allowed in a Table Expression. The exception to this is when you are using TOP. There are four different types of Table Expressions: (1) derived tables, (2) CTEs, (3) views, and (4) inline table valued functions. These four type will require a separate writeup to explain.